Our Solar System

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S K Y G L O B E 2.0 A Shareware Product of Klassm Software Copyright (c) 1990 Mark A. Haney Congratulations! You have an unregistered copy of Skyglobe, the fun and easy educational astronomy program. Skyglobe is distributed as Shareware to reach the widest possible audience, so let's take care of the legalities first. Skyglobe is copyrighted material. You are granted permission to try SkyGlobe, to see if merits inclusion in your software library. If you decide to keep SkyGlobe, you should register your copy by sending $15 to: Klassm Software (MI residents add 5772 Blaze Trail 4% sales tax, $.60) Roscommon, MI 48653 Registration entitles you to a customized copy of the program, plus some additional data. A Handy SkyGlobe Reference Card with your registration number is also included. An order form is the next page of this documentation. You are encouraged to distribute copies of Skyglobe, subject to the following conditions: 1) All files are distributed together and unaltered. 2) No charge is made for the software. (A small fee for media and handling is permissible.) Skyglobe was developed with registered Shareware. Thank you for supporting the Shareware concept by registering your copy of S K Y G L O B E ! ! ! July 16, 1990 SKYGLOBE 2.0 ORDER FORM You can use this form to register your copy of SkyGlobe 2.0. Plus, you can use it to order extra planetary data disks. Registration ($15) will entitle you to the following: 1) A copy of SkyGlobe with your Home Town as the default city. 2) A numbered SkyGlobe Reference Card. 3) Data for a total of 25000 stars. 4) Planetary data for a total of 16 years. Shipping Address: Name: ........................................ Street: ...................................... City, ST, ZIP ................................ Home Town: ............................................. Disk Type: 5 1/4" 3 1/2" (circle one) Default Video Mode: Mono Color (circle one each) Hercules CGA EGA EGA VGA VGA Extra planetary data: Please specify 18 years for each 5 1/4" disk, or 36 years for each 3 1/2" disk. The years must be between 1900 and 2099, and will work with your current program disk. Please enclose $5 per disk. Years: ................................................ ................................................ Make checks payable to Klassm Software. Michigan residents PLEASE add 4% sales tax. Mail to: Klassm Software 5772 Blaze Trail Roscommon, MI 48653 Thanks, and I hope you enjoy SkyGlobe! -3- Quick Starting Instructions These instructions will enable you to get SkyGlobe up and running as quickly as possible. Then you can return to the manual to learn about SkyGlobe's advanced features. SKYGLOBE.COM and SKYGLOBE.DAT are the only files that are absolutely necessary in order to run SkyGlobe. If you wish to view the planets for years other than 1990, or you wish to see more than 7000 stars, you will need the appropriate .DAT files as well. Since this is an unregistered copy of SkyGlobe, your selection of .DAT files may be limited. Make certain these files are in the currently active directory, type SKYGLOBE, and press the Enter key. You will see a screen with a copyright notice and some program usage reminders. At the bottom of the screen you will see a menu that asks you to select a video adapter. Since this is an unreg- istered copy of SkyGlobe, the default choice is either CGA or Hercules, depending on whether you have a color or monochrome system. Registered users may specify their choice for default video adapter. For now, use the menu to indicate the appropriate choice for your system. Now that we have chosen the video mode we will select the view- ing location. My home town, Roscommon MI appears as the default choice on the location menu. Registered users receive a copy of SkyGlobe with their own home town in its place. For now, I suggest that you simply press Enter to get right into the program. Use the menus to make another selection if you prefer. Almost instantly the screen will show the sky as it appears right now in the southeast. Watch for a moment, and you can see the stars that are rising this minute. The curved line near the bottom of the screen represents the Horizon, while the cross near the top stands for the Zenith. The view is changing in increments of one minute, with the actual speed of change depending on the speed of your computer. The current date and time appear at the top of the left-hand side of the screen. The rest of this display shows the viewing location, along with other useful information. The right-hand side will help remind you of some common Skyglobe commands. Let's try a few of these commands. First press 'A' to stop the Automatic increment of time. Press 'B' for Brightness a few times and watch more stars appear. Also notice the Brightness Index change. Most actions in SkyGlobe are reversed by using the Shift key. Press 'Shift-B', and watch the dimmest stars vanish. Try 'Z' and 'Shift-Z' to Zoom in and out. Want to change the time? Try 'M', 'H', 'D' and 'T' for Month, Hour, Day and Time (in minutes). Change the number of Constellation Lines displayed by using the Space bar. (Make sure to hold down the Shift key for this until you're done deleting lines.) Use the cursor keys to change the Viewing Direction and Elevation. And if you ever need to use your computer for something besides SkyGlobe, press 'Q' to return to DOS. Finally, if you have a color system, and you don't like the black background, just press 'Alt-F4' to change it to blue. I hope this quick introduction has gotten you started with Sky- Globe. More detailed descriptions of the commands appear in the fol- lowing pages. Have fun! -4- SkyGlobe Command Descriptions A 2-page summary of SkyGlobe commands is the final section of this documentation. If you register a copy of SkyGlobe, you will get a Handy Reference Card that contains this information. The second page of the Reference Card comprises two lists of the bright stars. Time and Date Commands SkyGlobe provides many ways to change the Time or Date of the displayed sky view. You can change the Time forward or backward by a minute, an hour, or half an hour. The Date can be changed forward or backward by a day, a month, or half a month. For viewing the planets, you may also change the year. Use the table below: Forward Backward 1 Minute Press 'T' Press 'Shift-T' 1 Hour 'H' 'Shift-H' 1/2 Hour 'Alt-H' 'Alt-Shift-H' 1 Day 'D' 'Shift-D' 1 Month (30 days) 'M' 'Shift-M' 1/2 Month (15 days) 'Alt-M' 'Alt-Shift-M' 1 Year 'Y' 'Shift-Y' One of SkyGlobe's most useful features is the Auto-Increment mode. This gives you the ability to simulate the passage of time on your com- puter. To enter or exit this mode, press 'A'. The sky view will begin to change in a manner that depends on the Auto-Increment parameters. To see these parameters press 'F2' until they are visible on the left-hand display. Use 'Alt-A' to change the increment type from Time to Date and back. Use 'Shift-A' to change the direction of increment from Forward to Backward and back. You can also change the speed of increment. Press 'F' to increase the speed, and 'Shift-F' to slow back down. Only the active increment type, either Time or Date, is affected by the 'F' key. Where Are We Looking? Now let's learn about how SkyGlobe interprets directions. The program assumes you are standing outside and that your eyes are facing the direction your feet are pointing. This is the View Dir- ection. The display shows this direction in degrees, ranging from 0 for due north, through 180 degrees for due south, to 350 degrees for 10 degrees west of north. The View Direction is also indicated along the Horizon line by initials. The View Elevation ranges from 0 degrees to 180. The Horizon ap- pears as a straight line at the 0 degree setting. It might help to imagine that you are extremely short for this one, so that the ground covers the lower half of your eyes, but is transparent. The 90 degree setting is like looking straight overhead at the Zenith. SkyGlobe also permits you to bend over backwards, figuratively speaking, and pretend that you are viewing the sky behind you. Since the View Direction still stands for your feet, moving around might be little confusing when you view the sky this way. -5- Moving Around SkyGlobe provides many convenient methods for rapidly changing the sky view. The up and down arrow keys change the View Elevation by 5 degrees. The right and left arrow keys work with the View Direction. When the View Elevation is near the Horizon these keys work about as you expect, but nearer to the Zenith they rotate the view more than they move it. This is correct when you remember that the View Direction stands for where your feet are pointing. PgUp and PgDn change Elevation in multiple jumps, while Ctrl-Left and Ctrl- Right do the same for Direction. The End key jumps you directly to the Horizon, and the Home key goes to the Zenith. Finally, you can change the View Direction instantly to compass points by pressing 'N', 'S', 'E' or 'W'. What Do We See? Lots and lots of stars! You can change the number of stars displayed by pressing 'B' for Brightness to increase the number, or 'Shift-B' to decrease it. The table below shows the correspondence between the Brightness Index and the number displayed. 1-200 5-350 9-750 13-3000 17-15000 2-225 6-400 10-1000 14-4000 18-25000 3-250 7-500 11-1500 15-5000 4-300 8-600 12-2000 16-7000 SkyGlobe allows you to adjust the magnification of your sky view. At a nominal magnification of 1, half of the celestial sphere is visible. Since the eye can focus on far less area than this, a certain amount of distortion is evident at low magnifications. Still, you can use these views to quickly find areas of interest. The center of the screen is always the most accurate portion. Use 'Z' to increase the magnification and 'Shift-Z' to decrease it. The table shows the correspondence between the Zoom Index and the magnification. 1-1.00 5-1.20 9-1.60 13-2.25 2-1.05 6-1.30 10-1.70 14-2.50 3-1.10 7-1.40 11-1.80 15-3.00 4-1.15 8-1.50 12-2.00 16-3.50 Lines And Labels One of the most useful features of SkyGlobe is its ability to quickly and easily change the lines and labels that help our eyes and minds make sense of the vastness of the sky. This can be very helpful to the novice just learning the stars. Use the Space bar to increase the number of Constellation Lines displayed. As always, use the Shift key to reduce the number of lines. The Constellation Lines have been grouped by importance, with some constellations having several classes of lines. The constellations also have abbreviations available for display. Use 'C' to display more of these, 'Shift-C' for fewer. The abbreviations are in the same groupings as the lines. The 300 brightest stars can be labelled by using 'L' and 'Shift-L' to see more or fewer labels. -6- The Planets You can use SkyGlobe to learn something about the way the planets move around the Sun. The very word 'Planet' is derived from the Greek word for wanderer. The ancients, who spent more time out- of-doors than we do, noticed that a few bright 'stars' seemed to move against the 'fixed' background of the rest of the heavens. (Here I mean fixed with respect to each other; they were acquainted with the slow progression from one season to the next of the whole 'sphere'.) They soon worked out the repetitive patterns the diff- erent 'stars' followed. We will learn how to simulate this motion shortly, but first we need to talk about some SkyGlobe features that are relevant. Although the stars don't really change from one year to the next, the planets do. Notice the year displayed on the Date display in the upper left-hand corner. If this Time and Date are not displayed, press 'F2' to turn this display on. Use 'Y' or 'Sh-Y' to increase or decrease the year. Make sure the current directory contains the .DAT files for the years you wish to view. (More planet data is available from Klassm Software for $5 a disk. 5 1/4 disks hold 18 years, 3 1/2 disks twice as as many. Please specify the years you wish.) If the proper data is available, you should be able to see the planets. You can use 'F3' to turn on the planet display, and to turn on planet labels. EGA/VGA color users see the planets in more or less appropriate colors. You may need to change the Time or Date to see your favorite planet. Now that we have seen the planets, let's see how they move. Change the Viewing Direction to South and the Time to 12:00 noon. Turn off Daylight Time by pressing 'V'. Set Auto-Increment Type to Date by pressing 'Alt-A' if needed. Now press 'A' and watch the show. Try speeding things up by pressing 'Alt-F1' and 'Alt-B'. Press 'F5' to see the how the planets stick near the Ecliptic. Since your location may not fall exactly on the Standard Time meridian, the Sun may not be due South for you at Civil noon. Also notice how it wanders from side to side throughout the year. Notice how Mercury and Venus stay close to the Sun. Mars has positively weird behavior, since it is outside the Earth's orbit, but relatively close by. It also has an eccentric orbit. The other outside planets drift more slowly against the background of the stars. You may see more clearly how the moon goes through its phases, being al- ways in New Moon phase when near the Sun. Move to Midnight, and the Moon will be in Full phase when it shows up in the South. Since the orbit of the Moon is inclined at about 5 degrees to the ecliptic, it wanders above and below it each month. This motion, which rotates through an 18 year cycle, accounts for the periodicity of eclipses. Since the Moon's position changes noticeably in the course of a day, the plotted positions are most accurate for mid-evening in the US. The other planets move little from day to day. Pluto, since it is invisible to even large binoculars, is plotted for only 4 positions a year. Messier Objects There are two levels of display for the Messier Objects. The most interesting 16 objects, as chosen by me, show up first when 'F4' is pressed. One more 'F4' turns on display of all the objects. Unfortunately, the labels tend to crowd each other at low zoom levels. Use the Reference Card to learn the names of the objects. -7- Keeping Track SkyGlobe has two handy on-screen displays to help the user. The left-hand display will help you keep track of settings such as the Zoom Index, and will remind you of the Viewing Location. By pressing 'F2' you can see the Auto-Increment parameters. If you press 'F2' again the final settings screen will display Print parameters and other miscellaneous information. This display can be blanked by pressing 'F2' yet again, or use 'Shift-F2' to peel off one screen at a time. A Help screen appears on the right-hand side of the screen. This display will remind you of the single-key commands of SkyGlobe. Press 'F1', and the function key assignments appear. One more 'F1', and the display vanishes. Pressing ESC will display both help sections. What Is A Toggle? Many of the display features in SkyGlobe can be instantly turned off or turned back on by pressing a single function key. A list follows. F5-Ecliptic line dots F8-Elevation Hash-Marks and Zenith F6-Latitude/Longitude lines F9-Constellation Names and Star Labels F7-Horizon F10-Constellation Lines Using Alt along with the function keys provides for several useful short-cuts and special features. To reduce the display to stars and constellation line, press 'Alt-F1'. Stars alone can be displayed with 'Alt-F2'. To maximize display elements with one keypress, try 'Alt-F3', and watch the sky become become crowded. Color users can switch the background color and constellation line star color with 'Alt-F4' and 'Alt-F5', respectively. SkyGlobe allows you to artificially brighten the stars that make up the constellation lines by pressing 'Alt-F10'. This conforms to the same groupings as the lines themselves, so you may need to press the key enough times to pass the number of lines displayed. Use 'Alt-Shift-F10' to reduce this Cheat Index. To save time in paring down the display, you may use the 'Alt' key in conjunction with several letter-key commands to reduce the chosen parameter to the minimum. Try this with 'Space' for lines or 'Z' to Zoom all the way out. Also supported are 'B', 'L', and 'C'. We haven't yet discussed a few features mentioned in the above function key list. SkyGlobe can display Latitude, Longitude and Ecliptic lines to help you orient yourself on the celestial sphere. Notice how the Ecliptic passes through the constellations of the Zodiac, and how Orion lies right across the celestial equator. Try looking north with Auto-Increment mode on. Watch how the sphere appears to rotate, and how Polaris, very near the celestial pole, seems almost motionless. -8- Finding Stars And Constellations The 'O' and number keys provide a useful feature. Pressing 'O' enters the Object find mode. The top line of the display tells us that we can ask SkyGlobe to find either Sirius or Andromeda. If you press Enter at this point, SkyGlobe will attempt to find the best Spot to display Sirius. The current Time and Date will be used for this find attempt. The display will shift to place Sirius as close to the center of the screen as possible. If Sirius is visible in this view, it will be labelled with its full name on the screen. Even if Sirius is not visible in this view, the display will shift to get to the closest Spot. It is also possible to choose the best Time or Date for the current viewing Direction and Elevation. If we had pressed 'S' instead of Enter before, the effect would have been the same. To choose the best Time to see Sirius, without changing the View, we would have pressed 'Shift-S'. 'Alt-S' will give us the best Date for the current Direction and Elevation. The same choices will work for all the 300 named stars. Just use the cursor keys to pick the star you wish to find, and use Enter, 'S', 'Shift-S', or 'Alt-S' as before. For constellations instead of stars, just use 'C', 'Shift-C', and 'Alt-C'. For example, press 'O' to enter the Object find routine, and press 'Shift-C'. Andromeda will appear at the center of the screen, and the Time will have changed to the best choice for our current View. Alternatively, you could enter the number directly. The proper numbers for the stars and constellations can be found near the end of this documentation, or on the handy SkyGlobe Reference Card. It is often best to change the View Direction to south before searching for the best Time or Date to view objects. If an object is not visible, try changing the Time or Date if searching by Spot, or changing the View Direction or Elevation if by Time or Date. I would like to say a few words here about nomenclature. The names of the constellations are well standardized. Many of the strange names in the southern sky are Latinized names of scientific implements, since these constellations were named, (by the Western world, that is), in the beginning of the Industrial Age. Most of the northern constellation names go back much further. We use the genitive, or possessive, form of the constellation name to denote star names. For example, Alpha Centauri means the first star of Centaurus. The stars were generally enumerated in order of brightness. Since star brightnesses change with time, this correlation is not always exact. Many stars also have popular names, which are not standardized nearly as well as constellations. Most of the names are Arabic in origin. This reflects the fact that the Arabs of the Middle Ages period maintained and developed astronomical knowledge while Europe was starving. You may want to take my lists with a grain of salt. Fifty-seven stars have been chosen for celestial navigation purposes by the various authorities, and I have highlighted these stars with dashes in the star lists. Labels for these stars appear in a different color in EGA and VGA color modes. -9- Changing Viewing Locations One of the most popular pastimes for new astronomers is seeing what the sky looks like from other places. Perhaps you're thinking of moving, and want to make sure the stars will still be interesting to view from your prospective new home. (They will be!) Rather than quitting the program and choosing a different location from the menu, simply press 'G'. Once you make your new choice you will return to the program with all your other parameters just the way you left them. If you wish to move a small amount in a compass direction, try 'Alt-N', 'Alt-S', 'Alt-E' or 'Alt-W'. Then you can change locations without ever taking your eyes off the current display. The east and west moves simply have the effect of changing the local time by 1 minute. The north-south changes are usually 1/4 degree, about 17 miles. The increment increases near the poles and the equator. You may instantly change your location between the North and South Hemispheres by pressing 'Alt-F' to Flip between the two. What Else Is There? Only a few miscellaneous tidbits remain. Those of you with Epson FX compatible printers can obtain printouts of the screen by using 'P', 'Shift-P' and 'Alt-P'. The first two of these are land- scape views, the last is a portrait display. If there are problems with printing, such as double-spacing, you may need to change the Print Parameters. Use 'F2' to view the current settings, then use 'Alt-Shift-P' to roll through the different combinations until you get one that works for you. Pressing any key while printing stops the process, although most printers have buffers that will hold several lines. Another solution for printing the screen is provided by DOS itself. If the printing functions of SkyGlobe won't work, you might try running GRAPHICS.COM before running the program, then press 'PrtScr' when you have a display that you like. Some future version of SkyGlobe will probably support the HP LaserJet. SkyGlobe uses Daylight Savings Time where and when it thinks it is appropriate. This is denoted by an upper-case 'AM' or 'PM' in the Time display. You can defeat or reinstate this feature by pressing 'V'. For users with telescopes that produce a reversed image, you can press 'X' to force SkyGlobe to similarly reverse the display. Finally, press 'Q' to return to DOS. Thanks For Your Support! I hope you enjoy SkyGlobe! Even if you decide not to register, you are encouraged to please pass it on to anyone who may find it interesting. Registered Users will automatically hear about future updates. The next update will tie up any loose ends and add a few minor features. It is tentatively scheduled for the end of 1990. Thanks, and have fun learning about the stars! -10- SkyGlobe and the Stars - Some Background Information Why do we see different stars at different times? The Earth makes one complete rotation every day. If there were no Sun we could see that the stars appear to make one complete revolution at the same time. The North Star, Polaris (#51), is almost directly above the North Pole on the Earth's axis of rotation. So the stars near the North Star (about halfway up the northern sky in mid-northern latitudes) make tiny little circles every day. Farther away from the North Star the stars and the constellations they form wheel across the sky in huge arcs before they disappear below the horizon. Why do we see different stars at different dates? Imagine midnight in April. The Sun is behind the Earth, and you are facing away from it if you face due south. Now imagine midnight in October, six months later. You are still facing away from the Sun. But because the Earth has moved halfway around the Sun in its yearly orbit, you are looking in exactly the opposite direction to the one you were in April. So different stars are visible at midnight, and the ones near the North Star have made half a revolution. If there were no Sun, you could see that at noon the October sky is the same as the midnight sky in April. Before Standard Time Zones were instituted, the Sun was due south at noon everywhere. That was what noon meant. Now that is true only if you happen to live near the center of the time zone. If you live in Michigan, the Sun is due south around 12:30 or so. In New York City, which is in the same time zone, the Sun reaches due south a few minutes before noon, over a half hour earlier than in Michigan. The Sun reaches due south somewhat later in Chicago than in Michigan, but be- cause Chicago is in the Central time zone this occurs before 12:00PM. This has to be allowed for to make the display correct, and is unique to each location. Daylight Saving Time is handled in a similar manner, and is indicated on the Time Display by an upper case 'AM' or 'PM'. The sky can be viewed as a sphere with the Earth at the center, and the stars as fixed points on the sphere. Any attempt to represent this 3-dimensional space on a 2-dimen- sional surface inevitably introduces some distortion. SkyGlobe uses a stereographic projection that can be calculated very rapidly and is quite accurate at the center of the screen. Al- though the edges of the screen suffer significant distortion, SkyGlobe is so fast that any desired view can be located almost instantly. The illusion that the stars form a sphere with the viewer on the outside is a result of the projection, and it is just that, an illusion. -11- Background Continued Another issue that must be dealt with is double stars. Perhaps as many as half of all stars are actually multiple star systems. The naked eye frequently interprets two dim stars close together as one brighter star. Many 'stars' that serve as end-points on constellation lines fit into this category. If these stars were left dim and separate they would appear 'invisible' at low brightnesses and make constellation shapes unrecognizable. At higher brightnesses and low magnif- ications these stars would be plotted on top of one another as points, still artificially dim. The solution is to combine magnitudes for these stars. The ordering of stars in SkyGlobe reflects this combination, so at medium brightnesses and magnifications the display is as realistic as possible. The dimmer star is retained at its actual brightness, so at very high magnifications and brightnesses you will see one artificially bright star and one accurate dim star. SkyGlobe contains coordinates for 7000 stars in the file SKYGLOBE.DAT. This represents all the stars visible to the naked eye. These coordinates were obtained from Sky Catalogue 2000.0 with permission from the publisher, Sky Publishing Corp. This permission is gratefully appreciated. The files SKY8000.DAT and SKY10000.DAT contain another 8000 and 10000 stars, respectively. SkyGlobe was programmed entirely in assembly language for maximum speed. As much processing as possible was done before- hand and the results placed in tables. Since there is necessarily a tradeoff between speed and accuracy, the precision of the star coordinates was carefully matched to the resolution of the graph- ics display and the projection algorithm chosen. The code was hand-optimized for speed, without regard for size or ugliness. Of course, no program is perfect. Any suggestions or bug reports would be greatly appreciated. This release of SkyGlobe, Version 2.0, may well be the last major upgrade of SkyGlobe. At least one more cosmetic revision is planned, tentatively for the end of 1990. This will give me the chance to tie up any loose ends, as well as include a few minor features that I haven't had time for. Of course, if any of you users come up with a great idea I will always consider it for inclusion in some future upgrade. As a registered user, you will be informed of developments, as well as future products from Klassm Software. I would like to take this opportunity to thank the users of SkyGlobe for all the kind words. Because of you, I have never regretted choosing Shareware. Thank you for supporting Shareware and... S K Y G L O B E ! ! ! -12- Some Frequently Asked Questions How can I speed up SkyGlobe? There are really two answers to this question. SkyGlobe always does what you ask it to do as fast as it can. (We think it's pretty fast!) The trick is to ask it to do things in a way that seems faster. The first method involves asking SkyGlobe to do less work. The easiest way is to turn off the Help Menu by pressing 'F1'. Then turn off everything else you can do without: ecliptic, latitude and longitude lines; extra constellation lines; dim stars. The second method applies only to Auto-Increment mode. SkyGlobe starts off changing the view one minute at a time. You can increase this rate by pressing 'F'. Another way is to change the increment type to Date mode by pressing 'Alt-A', Then increase the Date increment rate by pressing 'F'. Why doesn't Caps Lock have any effect? To avoid confusion it was decided to ignore Caps Lock. Why doesn't the Shift-key always work? This applies only to Shift-SPACE and Shift-Alt functions. For those keys the computer only checks the Shift condition when the SPACE or Alt-letter key is finally processed. If you let up on the Shift key before the computer is ready to process the SPACE or Alt-letter key, the Shift state you had intended goes un-noticed. So you end up adding constellation lines that you just deleted. Either hold the Shift key down for a while on multiple Shift-SPACES, or use 'F10' to kill all constellation lines at once. This method leaves the line display index unchanged, so a subsequent 'F10' will display the same number of lines. To reset the line display index to zero immediately, press 'Alt-Space'. Why doesn't anything happen when I press 'V'? Either the date is not appropriate for Daylight Saving Time, or you chose a location that does not use it. Nothing happens when I try to print. SkyGlobe assumes you have an Epson FX compatible printer powered on, selected and connected to LPT1. You can change the port by using 'F2' to see the print parameters and 'Alt-Sh-P' to change them. SkyGlobe does not currently support other printers. -13- There are blank lines when I try to print. Your printer adds line feeds when it receives a carriage return character. Use 'F2' to display the Print Parameters. Then press 'Alt-Sh-P' to change to 'Do Not Add Line Feeds'. SkyGlobe will not work with my (laser) printer. One solution may be to use GRAPHICS.COM. Many laser printers come with a replacement for the DOS command GRAPHICS.COM. Run this program before running SkyGlobe. Then use PrtScr to obtain a screen dump. Good luck! My location is not near a choice on the location menu. You can make your city or town the default choice on the location menu by obtaining a registered copy of SkyGlobe. If you wish to obtain a registered copy of the latest version of SkyGlobe, please send $15 to: Klassm Software (MI residents please 5772 Blaze Trail include sales tax.) Roscommon, MI 48653 List of Constellations 1 And Andromeda 31 Cyg Cygnus 61 Pav Pavo 2 Ant Antlia 32 Del Delphinus 62 Peg Pegasus 3 Aps Apus 33 Dor Dorado 63 Per Perseus 4 Aql Aquila 34 Dra Draco 64 Phe Phoenix 5 Aqr Aquarius 35 Equ Equuleus 65 Pic Pictor 6 Ara Ara 36 Eri Eridanus 66 PsA Piscis Austrinus 7 Ari Aries 37 For Fornax 67 Psc Pisces 8 Aur Auriga 38 Gem Gemini 68 Pup Puppis 9 Boo Bootes 39 Gru Grus 69 Pyx Pyxis 10 Cae Caelum 40 Her Hercules 70 Ret Reticulum 11 Cam Camelopardalis 41 Hor Horologium 71 Scl Sculptor 12 Cap Capricornus 42 Hya Hydra 72 Sco Scorpius 13 Car Carina 43 Hyi Hydrus 73 Sct Scutum 14 Cas Cassiopeia 44 Ind Indus 74 Ser Serpens Caput 15 Cen Centaurus 45 Lac Lacerta 75 Ser Serpens Cauda 16 Cep Cepheus 46 Leo Leo 76 Sex Sextans 17 Cet Cetus 47 Lep Lepus 77 Sge Sagitta 18 Cha Chamaeleon 48 Lib Libra 78 Sgr Sagittarius 19 Cir Circinus 49 LMi Leo Minor 79 Tau Taurus 20 CMa Canis Major 50 Lup Lupus 80 Tel Telescopium 21 CMi Canis Minor 51 Lyn Lynx 81 TrA Triangulum Australe 22 Cnc Cancer 52 Lyr Lyra 82 Tri Triangulum 23 Col Columba 53 Men Mensa 83 Tuc Tucana 24 Com Coma Berenices 54 Mic Microscopium 84 UMa Ursa Major 25 CrA Corona Australis 55 Mon Monoceros 85 UMi Ursa Minor 26 CrB Corona Borealis 56 Mus Musca 86 Vel Vela 27 Crt Crater 57 Nor Norma 87 Vir Virgo 28 Cru Crux 58 Oct Octans 88 Vol Volans 29 Crv Corvus 59 Oph Ophiucus 89 Vul Vulpecula 30 CVn Canes Venatici 60 Ori Orion -14- Star Names in order of Brightness 1-Sirius 56 Saiph 111 Ruchbah 2-Canopus 57 Gamma Centauri 112 Muphrid 3-Arcturus 58 Mizar 113 Mu Velorum 4-Alpha Centauri 59-Kochab 114 Alpha Muscae 5-Vega 60-Rasalhague 115 Lesath 6-Capella 61 Almach 116 Iota Aurigae 7-Rigel 62 Beta Gruis 117 Kaus Media 8-Procyon 63 Algol 118 Pi Puppis 9-Achernar 64-Denebola 119 Tarazed 10-Betelgeuse 65 Sadr 120 Yed Prior 11-Hadar 66-Lambda Velorum 121 Porrima 12-Altair 67-Schedar 122 Iota Centauri 13-Aldebaran 68-Alphecca 123-Zubenelgenubi 14-Acrux 69-Eltanin 124 Iota Orionis 15-Antares 70 Mintaka 125 Kornepheros 16-Spica 71 Zeta Puppis 126 Cebalrai 17-Pollux 72 Aspidiske 127 Gamma Lupi 18-Fomalhaut 73 Caph 128 Rastaban 19 Mimosa 74 Epsilon Scorpii 129 Cursa 20-Deneb 75 Epsilon Centauri 130 Beta Hydri 21-Regulus 76 Alpha Lupi 131 Delta Crucis 22-Adhara 77 Eta Centauri 132 Cor Caroli 23 Castor 78 Delta Scorpii 133 Zeta Herculis 24-Gacrux 79 Merak 134 Kaus Borealis 25-Shaula 80 Izar 135 Rho Puppis 26-Bellatrix 81-Enif 136 Tau Scorpii 27-Elnath 82-Ankaa 137 Alcyone 28 Gamma Velorum 83 Delta Centauri 138 Algenib 29-Miaplacidus 84 Kappa Scorpii 139 Vindemiatrix 30-Alnilam 85 Scheat 140 Iota Scorpii 31-Al Nair 86-Sabik 141 Nihal 32-Alioth 87 Phecda 142 Beta Triangulum Australis 33 Alnitak 88 Alderamin 143 Beta Arae 34-Dubhe 89 Aludra 144 Atik 35-Mirfak 90 Epsilon Cygni 145 Alpha Hydri 36 Theta Scorpii 91 Gamma Cassiopeiae 146 Alpha Tucanae 37-Kaus Australis 92-Menkar 147 Theta Tauri 38-Alkaid 93-Markab 148 Delta Cygni 39 Delta Canis Majoris 94 Zeta Centauri 149 Deneb Algedi 40-Avior 95 Kappa Velorum 150 Mu Geminorum 41 Algieba 96 Graffias 151 Gamma Triangulum Australis 42 Menkalinam 97 Zosma 152 Pherkad 43-Atria 98 Zeta Ophiuci 153 Pi Scorpii 44 Alhena 99 Arneb 154 Sigma Scorpii 45-Peacock 100-Gienah 155 Pi Sagittarii 46 Delta Velorum 101 Ascella 156 Epsilon Persei 47 Mirzam 102 Theta Carinae 157-Acamar 48-Alphard 103 Zubeneschamali 158 Gomeisa 49-Hamal 104 Theta Aurigae 159 Sadalsuud 50-Nunki 105 Beta Lupi 160 Albireo 51 Polaris 106 Sheratan 161 Gamma Persei 52-Deneb Kaitos 107 Phact 162 Tau Puppis 53-Alpheratz 108 Beta Corvi 163 Matar 54 Mirach 109 Unukalhai 164 Algorab 55-Menkent 110 Eta Draconis 165 Alpha Arae -15- Star Names by Brightness (cont) 166 Zaurak 211 Theta Ursa Majoris 256 Zeta Virginis 167 Sadalmelik 212 Alpha Circini 257 Epsilon Lupi 168 Upsilon Carinae 213 Pi-3 Orionis 258 Omega Scorpii 169 Mebsuta 214 Epsilon Leporis 259 Atlas 170 Epsilon Leonis 215 Kappa Ophiuci 260 Delta Virginis 171 Alnasl 216 Zeta Cygni 261 Epsilon Cassiopeiae 172 Zeta Aquilae 217 Alpha Reticuli 262 Epsilon Hydrae 173 Epsilon Aurigae 218 G Scorpii 263 Rho Persei 174 Epsilon Corvi 219 Errai 264 q Carinae 175 Gamma Hydrae 220 Adhafera 265 Homam 176 Beta Trianguli 221 Theta Aquilae 266 Gamma Phoenicis 177 Zeta Tauri 222 Alfirk 267 Nu Centauri 178 Psi Ursa Majoris 223 Yed Posterior 268 Zeta Lupi 179 Gamma Gruis 224 Sulafat 269 Alpha Trianguli 180 Delta Perseii 225 Gamma Hydri 270 Eta Lupi 181 Dabih 226 Meissa 271 Mu Herculis 182 Furud 227 Sigma Puppis 272 Beta Pavonis 183 Segihus 228 Eta Serpentis 273 Beta Tucanae 184 Omicron Canis Majoris 229 Zeta Sagittarii 274 Eta Cephei 185 Mu Centauri 230 Delta Andromedae 275 Eta Cassiopeiae 186 Mu Scorpii 231 Pi Hydrae 276 Lambda Aquilae 187 Mira 232 Theta Ophiuci 277 Omicron Cygni 188 Tania Australis 233 Skat 278 a Carinae 189 Beta Muscae 234 Alpha Doradus 279 Tania Borealis 190 Rasalgethi 235 Alpha Pictoris 280 Eta Ceti 191 Altais 236 Propus 281 Sheliak 192 Algedi 237 Sigma Librae 282 Sigma Canis Majoris 193 Nu Hydrae 238 Edasich 283 Delta Bootis 194 Eta Sagittarii 239 Delta Gruis 284 Gamma Sagittae 195 Alpha Indi 240 Psi Geminorum 285 Psi Aquarii 196 Zeta Hydrae 241 Beta Phoenicis 286 Gamma Ceti 197 Wazn 242 Megrez 287 Gamma Tauri 198 Lambda Centauri 243 Mu Leporis 288 Chi Carinae 199 Kappa Centauri 244 Omega Carinae 289 Alula Borealis 200 Zeta Arae 245 p Carinae 290 Sadalbari 201 Alpha Lyncis 246 Tau Sagittarii 291 Upsilon Librae 202 N Velorum 247 Eta Scorpii 292 Delta Pavonis 203 Delta Herculis 248 Chertan 293 Epsilon Gruis 204 Talitha 249 Gamma Arae 294 Tau Ceti 205 Delta Lupi 250 Nu Ophiuci 295 Nekkar 206 Pi Herculis 251 Psi Puppis 296 Pi-5 Orionis 207 Zeta Draconis 252 Zeta Cephei 297 Theta Ceti 208 Phi Sagittarii 253 Delta Aquilae 298 Delta Muscae 209 Eta Aurigae 254 Eta Orionis 299 Alpha Telescopii 210 Nu Puppis 255 Muscida 300 Eta Leonis The 57 Navigation Stars are indicated by a dash between the Star number and the name. This Star brightness order often represents the combination of two or more stars that are inseparable to the naked eye. -16- Star Names Alphabetically 157-Acamar 026-Bellatrix 166 Epsilon Leonis 009-Achernar 143 Beta Arae 214 Epsilon Leporis 014-Acrux 107 Beta Corvi 257 Epsilon Lupi 220 Adhafera 059 Beta Gruis 156 Epsilon Persei 022-Adhara 131 Beta Hydri 075 Epsilon Scorpii 031-Al Nair 105 Beta Lupi 215 Errai 160 Albireo 189 Beta Muscae 209 Eta Aurigae 137 Alcyone 272 Beta Pavonis 275 Eta Cassiopeiae 013-Aldebaran 241 Beta Phoenicis 078 Eta Centauri 089 Alderamin 176 Beta Trianguli 274 Eta Cephei 218 Alfirk 142 Beta TriangulumAustralis 280 Eta Ceti 192 Algedi 273 Beta Tucanae 110 Eta Draconis 137 Algenib 010-Betelgeuse 300 Eta Leonis 041 Algieba 002-Canopus 270 Eta Lupi 060 Algol 006-Capella 254 Eta Orionis 164 Algorab 072 Caph 194 Eta Sagittarii 044 Alhena 023 Castor 247 Eta Scorpii 032-Alioth 127 Cebalrai 228 Eta Serpentis 038-Alkaid 242 Chertan 018-Fomalhaut 061 Almach 288 Chi Carinae 177 Furud 168 Alnasl 132 Cor Caroli 218 G Scorpii 030-Alnilam 129 Cursa 024-Gacrux 033 Alnitak 181 Dabih 249 Gamma Arae 165 Alpha Arae 230 Delta Andromedae 091 Gamma Cassiopeiae 004-Alpha Centauri 253 Delta Aquilae 057 Gamma Centauri 212 Alpha Circini 283 Delta Bootis 286 Gamma Ceti 234 Alpha Doradus 039 Delta Canis Major 179 Gamma Gruis 143 Alpha Hydri 083 Delta Centauri 175 Gamma Hydrae 195 Alpha Indi 132 Delta Crucis 225 Gamma Hydri 077 Alpha Lupi 146 Delta Cygni 128 Gamma Lupi 201 Alpha Lyncis 239 Delta Gruis 157 Gamma Persei 114 Alpha Muscae 203 Delta Herculis 266 Gamma Phoenicis 235 Alpha Pictoris 205 Delta Lupi 284 Gamma Sagittae 217 Alpha Reticuli 298 Delta Muscae 287 Gamma Tauri 299 Alpha Telescopii 292 Delta Pavonis 150 Gamma TriangulumAustralis 269 Alpha Trianguli 180 Delta Perseii 028 Gamma Velorum 144 Alpha Tucanae 079 Delta Scorpii 099-Gienah 048-Alphard 046 Delta Velorum 154 Gomeisa 068-Alphecca 260 Delta Virginis 096 Graffias 053-Alpheratz 147 Deneb Algedi 011-Hadar 012-Altair 052-Deneb Kaitos 049-Hamal 187 Altais 020-Deneb 259 Homam 089 Aludra 061-Denebola 112 Iota Aurigae 282 Alula Borealis 034-Dubhe 122 Iota Centauri 083-Ankaa 233 Edasich 124 Iota Orionis 015-Antares 027-Elnath 140 Iota Scorpii 003-Arcturus 069-Eltanin 081 Izar 098 Arneb 082-Enif 199 Kappa Centauri 100 Ascella 173 Epsilon Aurigae 215 Kappa Ophiuci 071 Aspidiske 261 Epsilon Cassiopeiae 084 Kappa Scorpii 140 Atik 076 Epsilon Centauri 093 Kappa Velorum 259 Atlas 174 Epsilon Corvi 037-Kaus Australis 043-Atria 090 Epsilon Cygni 134 Kaus Borealis 040-Avior 293 Epsilon Gruis 117 Kaus Media 278 a Carinae 262 Epsilon Hydrae 057-Kochab -17- Star Names Alphabetically (cont) 126 Kornepheros 152 Pherkad 230 Skat 276 Lambda Aquilae 208 Phi Sagittarii 016-Spica 198 Lambda Centauri 206 Pi Herculis 222 Sulafat 065-Lambda Velorum 231 Pi Hydrae 200 Talitha 115 Lesath 116 Pi Puppis 184 Tania Australis 092-Markab 153 Pi Sagittarii 274 Tania Borealis 159 Matar 151 Pi Scorpii 118 Tarazed 165 Mebsuta 213 Pi-3 Orionis 294 Tau Ceti 236 Megrez 296 Pi-5 Orionis 158 Tau Puppis 226 Meissa 051 Polaris 246 Tau Sagittarii 042 Menkalinam 017-Pollux 136 Tau Scorpii 092-Menkar 121 Porrima 221 Theta Aquilae 055-Menkent 008-Procyon 103 Theta Aurigae 080 Merak 231 Propus 101 Theta Carinae 029-Miaplacidus 285 Psi Aquarii 297 Theta Ceti 019 Mimosa 240 Psi Geminorum 232 Theta Ophiuci 067 Mintaka 251 Psi Puppis 036 Theta Scorpii 181 Mira 178 Psi Ursa Majoris 147 Theta Tauri 054 Mirach 245 p Carinae 211 Theta Ursa Majoris 035-Mirfak 264 q Carinae 108 Unukalhai 047 Mirzam 190 Rasalgethi 164 Upsilon Carinae 058 Mizar 058-Rasalhague 291 Upsilon Librae 185 Mu Centauri 128 Rastaban 005-Vega 148 Mu Geminorum 021-Regulus 138 Vindemiatrix 271 Mu Herculis 263 Rho Persei 194 Wazn 243 Mu Leporis 133 Rho Puppis 221 Yed Posterior 186 Mu Scorpii 007-Rigel 119 Yed Prior 113 Mu Velorum 109 Ruchbah 160 Zaurak 110 Muphrid 086-Sabik 172 Zeta Aquilae 249 Muscida 283 Sadalbari 200 Zeta Arae 202 N Velorum 163 Sadalmelik 094 Zeta Centauri 286 Nekkar 156 Sadalsuud 252 Zeta Cephei 139 Nihal 064 Sadr 216 Zeta Cygni 267 Nu Centauri 056 Saiph 207 Zeta Draconis 193 Nu Hydrae 085 Scheat 133 Zeta Herculis 250 Nu Ophiuci 066-Schedar 196 Zeta Hydrae 210 Nu Puppis 179 Segihus 268 Zeta Lupi 050-Nunki 025-Shaula 097 Zeta Ophiuci 244 Omega Carinae 275 Sheliak 070 Zeta Puppis 258 Omega Scorpii 104 Sheratan 229 Zeta Sagittarii 184 Omicron Canis Majoris 282 Sigma Canis Majoris 177 Zeta Tauri 277 Omicron Cygni 237 Sigma Librae 256 Zeta Virginis 045-Peacock 227 Sigma Puppis 096 Zosma 105 Phact 152 Sigma Scorpii 123-Zubenelgenubi 087 Phecda 001-Sirius 102 Zubeneschamali The 57 Navigation Stars are indicated by a dash between the Star number and the name. -18- Alphabetical Command Summary A Toggle Auto-Increment Mode On/Off Sh-A Toggle Auto-Increment Direction Forward/Backward Alt-A Toggle Auto-Increment Type Time/Date B/Sh-B Increase/Decrease Brightness (Number of stars shown) Alt-B Reset Brightness Index to 1 C/Sh-C Increase/Decrease Constellation Label Display Index Alt-C Reset Constellation Label Display Index to 0 D/Sh-D Add/Subtract 1 day from Date Alt-D/Sh-Alt-D Add/Subtract 1 day from Date speed E Change View Direction to EAST Alt-E Move location 1 minute east F/Sh-F Faster This command adjusts the Auto-Increment speed. The change only affects the Type of Increment currently in effect. Alt-F Flip between North and South hemispheres G Goto New Location Menu Use this command to change the Viewing Location H/Sh-H Add/Subtract 1 Hour from Time Alt-H/Sh-Alt-H Add/Subtract 1/2 Hour from Time L/Sh-L Increment/Decrement Star Label Display Index M/Sh-M Add/Subtract 1 Month from Date Alt-M/Sh-Alt-M Add/Subtract 1/2 Month from Date N Change View Direction to NORTH Alt-N Move location 1 unit north (usually 1/4 degree) O Object find To find Stars and Constellations, press O. Then use the cursor keys to choose the object to find. Then press one of these: S or Enter=Find Best Spot to display Star Sh-S =Find Best Time to display Star Alt-S =Find Best Date to display Star C =Find Best Spot for Constellation Sh-C =Find Best Time for Constellation Alt-C =Find Best Date for Constellation Pressing any Number Key (0-9) also enters this mode. P/Sh-P/Alt-P Print screen by 3 different methods to Epson FX compatible printer P and Shift-P are landscape displays Alt-P is a portrait display Sh-Alt-P Change print parameters (use F2 to see) Q Quit Exit to DOS S Change View Direction to SOUTH Alt-S Move location 1 unit south (usually 1/4 degree) T/Sh-T Add/Subtract 1 minute from Time Alt-T/Sh-Alt-T Increment/Decrement Auto-Increment Time Speed V Toggle Daylight SaVings Time flag In Summer/Never W Change View Direction to WEST Alt-W Move Location 1 minute west X Toggle between Normal and Mirror-image display Y/Sh-Y Add/Subtract 1 Year from date Z/Sh-Z Zoom In/Zoom Out Alt-Z Reset Zoom Index to 1 -19- Function and Control Key Commands SPACE/Sh-SPACE Add/Delete Constellation Lines Alt-SPACE Reset Constellation Line Index to 0 Cursor Right/Left Change View Direction 10 degrees Right/Left Cursor Up/Down Change View Elevation 5 degrees Up/Down Home Change View Elevation to zenith (90 degrees) End Change View Elevation to horizon (0 degrees) Ctrl-Right/Ctrl-Left Change View Direction 30 degrees Right/Left PgUp/PgDn Change View Elevation 15 degrees Up/Down ESC Set Help display index to maximum value F1/Sh-F1 Increase/Decrease Help display index F2/Sh-F2 Increase/Decrease Parameter display index F3/Sh-F3 Increase/Decrease Planets display index F4/Sh-F4 Increase/Decrease Messier Object display index These Display setting keys roll through the maximum setting back to zero F5 Toggle Ecliptic display flag F6 Toggle Latitude-Longitude display flag F7 Toggle Horizon display flag F8 Toggle Elevation Hash-mark and Zenith display flag F9 Toggle Star Labels and Constellation Names display flag F10 Toggle Constellation Line display flag Alt-F1 Reset display to Stars and Lines only Alt-F2 Reset display to Stars only Alt-F3 Maximize all display settings Alt-F4 On EGA/VGA color systems, toggle Background color Alt-F5 On EGA/VGA color systems, toggle Constellation Star color Alt-F10/Sh-Alt-F10 Increment/Decrement Constellation Cheat Index